World Happiness Report for Sudan 2024
- Overall Happiness Rank Sudan: na
- Happiness Score Sudan:na
Happiness is a subjective concept that has long been debated by philosophers, psychologists, and economists alike. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in quantifying happiness and using it as a measure of a nation’s overall well-being. This is where the concept of the Happiness Index comes into play.
What is the Happiness Index?
The Happiness Index is a measure that attempts to quantify the overall happiness and life satisfaction of a country’s population. It is based on the idea that traditional economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), do not fully capture the overall well-being of a society. The Happiness Index takes into account various factors that contribute to an individual’s sense of happiness and life satisfaction, including social support, freedom to make life choices, healthy life expectancy, and perceptions of corruption.
How is the Happiness Index Calculated?
The Happiness Index is calculated through a combination of subjective and objective data. The primary source of data is the Gallup World Poll, which is a survey conducted in over 160 countries. The survey asks respondents to rate their overall life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being the worst possible life and 10 being the best possible life.
In addition to the life satisfaction score, the Happiness Index also takes into account the following factors:
- GDP per capita: This is a measure of a country’s economic output and standard of living.
- Social support: This factor measures the extent to which individuals have supportive relationships and love in their lives.
- Healthy life expectancy: This is a measure of the number of years an individual is expected to live in good health.
- Freedom to make life choices: This factor measures the extent to which individuals are able to make decisions about their lives without external constraints.
- Generosity: This factor measures the extent to which individuals engage in charitable activities and donate to others.
- Perceptions of corruption: This factor measures the extent to which individuals perceive their society to be free from corruption.
These factors are weighted and combined to produce an overall Happiness Index score for each country.
What Does the Happiness Index Affect?
The Happiness Index has significant implications for policymaking and societal well-being. Countries with higher Happiness Index scores are generally considered to have better overall quality of life and well-being for their citizens. This can have positive impacts on various aspects of society, including:
- Economic productivity: Happier individuals tend to be more productive and engaged in their work, which can contribute to a country’s economic growth.
- Public health: Higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction are associated with better physical and mental health outcomes, which can reduce healthcare costs and improve overall well-being.
- Social cohesion: Societies with higher levels of happiness tend to have stronger social bonds and lower levels of conflict and crime.
- Environmental sustainability: Happier individuals may be more likely to engage in environmentally-friendly behaviors and support policies that promote sustainability.
By focusing on the factors that contribute to happiness and well-being, policymakers can develop strategies to improve the overall quality of life for their citizens. The Happiness Index provides a valuable tool for measuring progress and identifying areas where improvements can be made.
Short information
- Abbreviation of Sudan. SD.
Sudan is a country located in northeastern Africa. It has a presidential system of government and is known for its rich cultural diversity, with over 500 ethnic groups. Sudan’s economy is primarily based on agriculture, particularly the production of crops like sorghum and millet.
- Sudan is the third largest country in Africa by land area.
- The Sudanese city of Khartoum is where the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers meet.
- Sudan has significant archaeological sites, including the ancient city of Meroe, known for its pyramids.
Sudan – A Comprehensive Overview
Early History
The region of modern-day Sudan has been a cradle of ancient civilizations, with evidence of human settlements dating back to the Paleolithic era. The Nubian civilization flourished along the Nile Valley, leaving behind impressive archaeological sites like Meroe, Jebel Barkal, and the pyramids of Meroë. The Kingdom of Kush, centered in what is now northern Sudan, was a powerful empire that dominated the region for over a millennium.
Kingdoms and Empires
Throughout its history, Sudan has been home to numerous kingdoms and empires. The Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia ruled parts of modern-day Sudan from the 6th to the 14th century. Later, the Funj Sultanate emerged as a powerful Muslim state, ruling from the early 16th to the 19th century.
Colonial Period
In the 19th century, Sudan came under the colonial rule of the Ottoman Empire and later the Khedivate of Egypt. The Mahdist Revolt, led by Muhammad Ahmad, challenged the Turco-Egyptian control and established a short-lived Mahdist state. In 1898, the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium was established, with Sudan becoming a territory jointly governed by Britain and Egypt until its independence in 1956.
Independence and Modern Era
Sudan gained independence on January 1, 1956, after years of struggle against colonial rule. However, the country faced numerous challenges, including civil wars, military coups, and conflicts over resources and power. The Second Sudanese Civil War, which lasted from 1983 to 2005, resulted in the secession of South Sudan in 2011 after a referendum.
Current Political Situation
Sudan is currently in a transition period following the removal of long-time President Omar al-Bashir in 2019 after months of widespread protests. A sovereign council, comprising civilian and military members, is overseeing the transition to civilian rule. The country faces ongoing challenges, including economic instability, human rights concerns, and political tensions.
International Relations
Sudan’s international relations have been shaped by its complex history and regional dynamics. The country has experienced strained relationships with neighboring countries and the international community due to conflicts, human rights issues, and allegations of supporting terrorist groups. However, Sudan has also sought to strengthen ties and cooperation with regional and global powers.
Human Development and Economy
Sudan has a diverse economy, with agriculture, oil production, and mining as major sectors. However, the country faces significant economic challenges, including high poverty rates, unemployment, and inflation. Sudan ranks relatively low on the Human Development Index, indicating ongoing efforts are needed to improve education, healthcare, and living standards.
Cultural Highlights
Sudan is a culturally rich nation, with a tapestry of Arab, African, and Islamic influences. Arabic is the official language, while numerous indigenous languages are also spoken. Islam is the predominant religion, but there are also Christian and traditional belief communities. Sudan is renowned for its vibrant music, dance, and storytelling traditions, as well as its archaeological sites and rich history.
Challenges and Opportunities
Sudan faces significant challenges, including political instability, economic hardship, and conflicts over resources and power. However, the country also has immense potential, with a rich cultural heritage, strategic location, and abundant natural resources. Addressing issues such as poverty, education, and human rights while fostering unity and promoting sustainable development will be crucial for Sudan’s future.
Main facts
Location
Sudan is a country situated in northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea. It is located in northeastern Africa, with Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest.
Map References
Sudan is a part of the African continent, located in the northeastern region.
Area – Comparative
With an area of 1,886,068 sq km, Sudan is approximately one-fifth the size of the United States.
Land Boundaries and Border Countries
Sudan has a total land boundary length of 6,819 km. It shares borders with the following countries:
- Central African Republic: 483 km
- Chad: 1,360 km
- Egypt: 1,273 km
- Eritrea: 682 km
- Ethiopia: 744 km
- Libya: 383 km
- South Sudan: 1,890 km
Coastline
Sudan has a coastline of 853 km along the Red Sea.
Maritime Claims
Sudan’s maritime claims include:
- Territorial sea: 12 nautical miles
- Contiguous zone: 18 nautical miles
- Continental shelf: 200 nautical miles or to the edge of continental margin
Climate
Sudan has a hot desert climate with very little rainfall. The northern regions are arid and experience extremely hot temperatures, while the southern regions are semi-arid and receive more precipitation.
Terrain
Sudan’s landscape is primarily flat plains, with some mountainous areas in the east and west. The Nile River flows through the country, providing fertile land along its banks. The northern region is dominated by the Nubian Desert, while the southern region is characterized by savannas and woodlands.
Elevation Extremes
The highest point in Sudan is Jebel Marra, at 3,088 meters (10,131 feet), located in the Darfur region. The lowest point is the Red Sea, at 0 meters (0 feet).
Natural Resources
Sudan’s major natural resources include petroleum, natural gas, gold, chromium ore, copper, iron ore, mica, silver, tungsten, and zinc.
Major Bodies of Water
The Nile River, which flows through Sudan for approximately 1,978 km, is the country’s primary water source. Other significant water bodies include the Red Sea, the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (shared with Egypt, Libya, and Chad), and the Sudd wetland region in South Sudan.
Natural Hazards
Sudan is prone to several natural hazards, including dust storms, periodic droughts, and occasional flooding caused by heavy rains in the eastern regions.
Geography – Notes
Sudan is the third-largest country in Africa by area. Its geography is characterized by a vast expanse of arid and semi-arid regions, with limited arable land concentrated along the Nile River basin. Environmental issues, such as desertification and soil erosion, pose significant challenges for the country.
- Forest Area (% of land area): 8.10%. This is the percentage of a country’s total land area that is covered by natural or planted forests.
- Co2 Emissions: 20. CO2 emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes.
- Agricultural Land( %). 28.70%. Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable and used for cultivating crops or raising livestock.
- Geographic Coordinates: 12.86280730.217636.
- Capital: The capital of Sudan is Khartoum
- Major Cities:
- Khartoum – Population: 5,274,321
- Omdurman – Population: 2,763,329
- Port Sudan – Population: 489,350
- Kassala – Population: 419,030
- Al-Ubayyid – Population: 392,084
- Population: 42,813,238
- Area(Km2): 1861484
- Population Density( P/Km²):25. This is the number of people living per square kilometer of land area in a given region or country.
- Calling Code:249
- Official Language(s):Sudan is Arabic (spoken by 70%) and also English (spoken by 25%).
- Currency: SDG
Main Economic Indicators
Sudan’s economy is heavily dependent on agriculture and the extraction of natural resources, particularly oil and gold. The country faces significant economic challenges, including high inflation, foreign trade imbalances, and limited economic diversification. Notable economic policies have focused on promoting agricultural development, attracting foreign investment, and managing the country’s external debt.
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)
2022: 359.1% (Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan)
2021: 359.8% (Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan)
Credit Ratings
Fitch: Not Rated
Moody’s: Caa1 (Stable)
Standard & Poor’s: Not Rated
GDP – Composition by Sector of Origin
Agriculture: 35.9%
Industry: 19.2%
Services: 44.9%
Key Agricultural and Industrial Products
Agricultural Products: Cotton, groundnuts, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugarcane, cassava, sesame seeds, livestock
Industrial Products: Oil, petroleum products, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, plastic products, gold
Labor Force
Total Labor Force: 11.94 million (2022 est.)
Comparative Ranking: 54th globally (Source: CIA World Factbook)
Current Account Balance
2022: -$2.05 billion (Source: Central Bank of Sudan)
2021: -$1.92 billion (Source: Central Bank of Sudan)
Comparative Ranking: 157th globally (Source: CIA World Factbook, 2020 est.)
Exports and Imports
Exports (2022): $4.6 billion (Source: Central Bank of Sudan)
Key Partners: United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, China, India
Major Commodities: Gold, oil and petroleum products, sesame seeds, livestock, cotton
Imports (2022): $10.8 billion (Source: Central Bank of Sudan)
Key Partners: China, United Arab Emirates, India, Saudi Arabia
Major Commodities: Foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines, chemicals, wheat
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold
Foreign Exchange Reserves (2022): $1.1 billion (Source: Central Bank of Sudan)
Gold Reserves (2022): 32.6 metric tons (Source: World Gold Council)
- GDP (Current US$):$18,902,284,476. It represents a country’s gross domestic product measured in current US dollars. Higher values indicate a larger economy and economic output.
- Tax Revenue (% of GDP): 8.00%. It refers to the amount of tax revenue collected by the government, expressed as a percentage of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Higher values indicate a higher tax burden relative to the size of the economy.
- Total Tax Rate (% of commercial profits): 45.40%. This is the sum of all taxes payable by businesses, expressed as a percentage of their commercial profits. Higher values indicate a higher tax burden on businesses.
- Gasoline Price. $0.95. It refers to the cost of one liter or gallon of gasoline/petrol. Higher values indicate more expensive gasoline prices for consumers and businesses.
- Minimum wage. $0.41. It refers to the lowest legally mandated hourly wage that employers must pay their workers. Higher values indicate a higher minimum level of pay for low-wage workers.
- Unemployment Rate (%): 16.53%. It represents the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate more joblessness in the economy.
Social Indicators
1. National Identity
Noun: Sudanese
Adjective: Sudanese
2. Ethnic Groups
– Sudanese Arab (approx. 70%)
– Fur (approx. 6%)
– Beja (approx. 6%)
– Nuba (approx. 5%)
– Fallata (approx. 5%)
– Other (approx. 8%)
3. Religions
– Sunni Muslim (approx. 97%)
– Christian (approx. 3%)
– Other (approx. 0.1%)
4. Age Structure
– 0-14 years: 41.8%
– 15-64 years: 55.5%
– 65 years and over: 2.7%
5. Dependency Ratios
– Total dependency ratio: 80.1%
– Youth dependency ratio: 75.2%
– Elderly dependency ratio: 4.9%
6. Median Age
– Total: 19.6 years
– Male: 19.2 years
– Female: 20 years
7. Lifestyle Indicators
– Obesity rate: 6.8%
– Alcohol consumption: 0.6 liters of pure alcohol per capita per year
– Tobacco use: 13.6% of adults
- Life Expectancy at Birth: 65.1. Life Expectancy at Birth refers to the estimated average number of years a newborn is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Higher values indicate better health outcomes and living conditions in a country or region.
- Literacy Rate (% of adults): 35.3%. It refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who can read and write with understanding of a short simple statement about their everyday life. Higher literacy rates indicate better educational attainment within a population.
- Birth Rate:32.18. Birth Rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher birth rates indicate a larger share of the population being born each year.
- Death Rate:7. Death Rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher death rates indicate more people dying annually within a population.
- Fertility Rate: 4.41. Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive years based on current birth rates. Higher fertility rates indicate larger family sizes and population growth.
- Internet Users (% of population): 27.4%. Internet Users (% of population) refers to the percentage of the total population in a country or region that has access to and uses the internet. Higher values indicate greater internet penetration and connectivity among the population.
- Urban Population: 14,957,233. Urban Population refers to the percentage or number of people living in urban areas or cities within a country or region. Higher urban population values indicate greater urbanization and concentration of people in cities compared to rural areas.
- Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure):63.20%. Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure) represents the portion of total health care costs that individuals pay directly out of their own pockets, rather than being covered by insurance or government programs. Higher values indicate greater personal financial burden for health care expenses.
Infrastructure and Services
Military and Security Forces
The Sudanese military consists of the Sudanese Armed Forces (comprising the Army, Navy, and Air Force) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a paramilitary force. The Army is the largest service branch, with infantry, armored, and artillery units. The Navy is responsible for patrolling territorial waters and has limited coastal defense capabilities. The Air Force operates fighter jets, transport aircraft, and helicopters.
The National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) is the country’s primary intelligence agency and plays a crucial role in internal security. The Popular Defense Forces (PDF) is a militia-style force that supports the military during conflicts.
Military Expenditures
Sudan’s military expenditure as a percentage of GDP for the last five years:
- 2018: 3.1%
- 2017: 3.5%
- 2016: 3.9%
- 2015: 4.1%
- 2014: 4.2%
Sudan ranks among the top military spenders in Africa, with its military expenditure ranking around the 50th position globally.
Personnel Strengths
Sudan has approximately 200,000 active-duty military personnel, with the following breakdown:
- Army: 120,000
- Navy: 7,000
- Air Force: 8,000
- Rapid Support Forces (RSF): 60,000
The National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) and the Popular Defense Forces (PDF) have an additional combined strength of around 50,000 personnel.
Military Equipment Inventories and Acquisitions
Sudan’s military equipment includes:
- Main Battle Tanks: T-72, T-55, Type 59
- Armored Personnel Carriers: BMP-2, BTR-80, Ural-VT
- Artillery: D-30, M-46, M-1938
- Fighter Aircraft: MiG-29, Su-25, Su-24
- Transport Aircraft: An-26, An-32, C-130
- Attack Helicopters: Mi-24, Mi-35
- Naval Vessels: Frigates, patrol craft, coastal defense craft
Sudan has recently acquired Chinese-made military equipment, including BT-96 armored personnel carriers and CH-4 unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs). Future acquisitions may focus on modernizing and expanding its air force and naval capabilities.
Military Service Age and Obligation
Military service in Sudan is mandatory for men between the ages of 18 and 33. The service obligation is typically 18 months for the Army and 24 months for the Navy and Air Force. Voluntary enlistment is also possible, with different service lengths and requirements.
Military Deployments
Sudan has deployed troops in the following regions:
- Yemen: Approximately 4,000 Sudanese troops supporting the Saudi-led coalition
- Central African Republic: Participation in the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA)
- Darfur: Sudanese military forces are deployed in the Darfur region for counterinsurgency operations
Strategic Military Notes
Sudan’s defense strategy focuses on counterinsurgency operations within its borders, particularly in the Darfur region, and supporting regional security initiatives through military deployments. The country maintains close defense ties with Saudi Arabia and participates in the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen.
Sudan has played a role in regional peacekeeping missions under the African Union and the United Nations. However, its military has also been implicated in human rights violations and internal conflicts, leading to international sanctions and criticism from human rights organizations.
- Armed Forces Size: 92000. Armed Forces Size refers to the total number of active personnel serving in a country’s military forces, including the army, navy, air force, and other branches. Higher values indicate a larger military presence and personnel.
- Physicians per Thousand: Number of doctors per 1,000 people is 0.26
- Population: Labor Force Participation (%): 48.40%. This is the percentage of the total population aged 15 and older that is economically active, meaning they are either employed or actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate a greater proportion of the working-age population engaged in the labor force.