World Happiness Report for Serbia 2024
- Overall Happiness Rank Serbia: 37
- Happiness Score Serbia:6.411
Happiness is a subjective concept that has long been debated by philosophers, psychologists, and economists alike. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in quantifying happiness and using it as a measure of a nation’s overall well-being. This is where the concept of the Happiness Index comes into play.
What is the Happiness Index?
The Happiness Index is a measure that attempts to quantify the overall happiness and life satisfaction of a country’s population. It is based on the idea that traditional economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), do not fully capture the overall well-being of a society. The Happiness Index takes into account various factors that contribute to an individual’s sense of happiness and life satisfaction, including social support, freedom to make life choices, healthy life expectancy, and perceptions of corruption.
How is the Happiness Index Calculated?
The Happiness Index is calculated through a combination of subjective and objective data. The primary source of data is the Gallup World Poll, which is a survey conducted in over 160 countries. The survey asks respondents to rate their overall life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being the worst possible life and 10 being the best possible life.
In addition to the life satisfaction score, the Happiness Index also takes into account the following factors:
- GDP per capita: This is a measure of a country’s economic output and standard of living.
- Social support: This factor measures the extent to which individuals have supportive relationships and love in their lives.
- Healthy life expectancy: This is a measure of the number of years an individual is expected to live in good health.
- Freedom to make life choices: This factor measures the extent to which individuals are able to make decisions about their lives without external constraints.
- Generosity: This factor measures the extent to which individuals engage in charitable activities and donate to others.
- Perceptions of corruption: This factor measures the extent to which individuals perceive their society to be free from corruption.
These factors are weighted and combined to produce an overall Happiness Index score for each country.
What Does the Happiness Index Affect?
The Happiness Index has significant implications for policymaking and societal well-being. Countries with higher Happiness Index scores are generally considered to have better overall quality of life and well-being for their citizens. This can have positive impacts on various aspects of society, including:
- Economic productivity: Happier individuals tend to be more productive and engaged in their work, which can contribute to a country’s economic growth.
- Public health: Higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction are associated with better physical and mental health outcomes, which can reduce healthcare costs and improve overall well-being.
- Social cohesion: Societies with higher levels of happiness tend to have stronger social bonds and lower levels of conflict and crime.
- Environmental sustainability: Happier individuals may be more likely to engage in environmentally-friendly behaviors and support policies that promote sustainability.
By focusing on the factors that contribute to happiness and well-being, policymakers can develop strategies to improve the overall quality of life for their citizens. The Happiness Index provides a valuable tool for measuring progress and identifying areas where improvements can be made.
Short information
- Abbreviation of Serbia. RS.
Serbia is a country located in Southeast Europe, known for its rich history and cultural heritage.
- It has a parliamentary republic political structure.
- Serbia is famous for its vibrant music and dance traditions, including the world-renowned Guča trumpet festival.
- The country is a significant producer of goods such as Fiat automobiles and raspberry exports.
Serbia – A Comprehensive Overview
Early History: The territory of modern-day Serbia has been inhabited since ancient times, with evidence of human settlements dating back to the Paleolithic era. The region was home to various ancient civilizations, including the Vinča culture, known for their advanced pottery and metallurgy.
Kingdoms and Empires: Throughout history, Serbia has been part of several powerful kingdoms and empires, including the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, and the Serbian Empire under the Nemanjić dynasty (12th-14th centuries). The Serbian Empire reached its peak under Stefan Dušan, who ruled from 1331 to 1355 and expanded the empire’s territories.
Colonial Period: Serbia was never formally colonized, but it fell under Ottoman rule in the late 14th century, which lasted for several centuries until the Serbian Revolution in the early 19th century.
Independence and Modern Era: Serbia gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in 1817 and officially became an independent state in 1878. After World War I, Serbia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia). During World War II, Serbia was occupied by Nazi Germany and its allies. After the war, Serbia became a constituent republic of the socialist Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito’s leadership. In the 1990s, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia underwent a period of political instability, international sanctions, and conflicts, including the Kosovo War.
Current Political Situation: Serbia is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. The current president is Aleksandar Vučić, and the prime minister is Ana Brnabić. Recent elections have seen the dominance of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS).
International Relations: Serbia has good relations with neighboring countries and is a candidate for European Union (EU) membership. It maintains close ties with Russia and has not joined the sanctions against Russia imposed by the EU and other Western countries.
Human Development and Economy: Serbia has a transitional economy, with manufacturing, agriculture, and services as the main sectors. The country has made progress in human development but still faces challenges such as a high unemployment rate and regional disparities.
Cultural Highlights: Serbia has a rich cultural heritage, influenced by its history and geographical location at the crossroads of various civilizations. Serbian Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion, and Serbian is the official language. Serbia is known for its traditional folk music, literature, and cuisine.
Challenges and Opportunities: Serbia faces challenges related to EU integration, economic development, and political stability. Opportunities lie in strengthening democratic institutions, fostering regional cooperation, and attracting foreign investment to boost economic growth.
Travel Tips for Serbia
– Best times to visit: Spring and fall, when the weather is mild and crowds are smaller.
– Cultural etiquette: Respect religious and cultural traditions, dress modestly when visiting religious sites.
– Safety precautions: Exercise caution in crowded areas and be aware of your surroundings. Avoid political demonstrations.
– Must-see landmarks: Belgrade Fortress, Studenica Monastery, Đavolja Varoš (Devil’s Town), Golubac Fortress.
– Culinary experiences: Try traditional dishes like ćevapčići (grilled meat sausages), pljeskavica (Serbian burger), and ajvar (roasted red pepper spread).
Living in Serbia
– Cost of living: Relatively low compared to Western European countries, but varies between cities and rural areas.
– Housing: Options range from apartments in cities to houses in suburban and rural areas.
– Healthcare: Public healthcare system is available, but private healthcare facilities are also an option.
– Education: Free public education system, with universities and vocational schools.
– Lifestyle: Relaxed pace of life, emphasis on family and social gatherings. Outdoor activities like hiking and skiing are popular.
– Cultural norms: Hospitality and respect for elders are highly valued. Learn basic Serbian phrases.
– Legal requirements: Foreigners may need a residence permit or work permit, depending on their circumstances.
Doing Business in Serbia
– Business culture: Relationships and personal connections are important. Business meetings may involve small talk and socializing.
– Economic climate: Transitional economy with a focus on attracting foreign investment. Key industries include manufacturing, agriculture, and services.
– Starting a business: Relatively straightforward process, but bureaucracy can be challenging. Consider hiring a local lawyer or consultant.
– Legal frameworks: Serbia has adopted laws and regulations to align with EU standards, but enforcement can be inconsistent.
– Negotiation strategies: Be patient and build trust. Emphasize long-term partnerships and mutual benefits.
– Building relationships: Networking and personal connections are crucial. Attend business events and cultivate relationships.
Studying in Serbia
– Educational system: Public universities and private institutions offer degree programs at all levels.
– Top universities: University of Belgrade, University of Novi Sad, University of Niš.
– Student life: Vibrant and affordable, with active student organizations and cultural events.
– Visa requirements: International students may need a student visa, depending on their country of origin.
– Opportunities: Scholarships and exchange programs are available for international students. Opportunities for internships and research.
– Language: While some programs are offered in English, learning Serbian can enhance the overall experience.
Main facts
Location
Serbia is a landlocked country situated in the Balkan Peninsula of Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, North Macedonia and Albania to the south, and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia to the west.
Map References
Serbia is located in the Balkans region of Southern Europe.
Area – Comparative
Serbia has an area of 88,361 square kilometers (34,116 square miles), making it slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Kentucky.
Land Boundaries and Border Countries
Serbia has a total land boundary length of 2,114 kilometers (1,313 miles), shared with the following countries:
- Hungary: 166 km (103 miles)
- Romania: 476 km (296 miles)
- Bulgaria: 318 km (198 miles)
- North Macedonia: 221 km (137 miles)
- Albania: 115 km (71 miles)
- Montenegro: 203 km (126 miles)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: 302 km (188 miles)
- Croatia: 313 km (194 miles)
Coastline
Serbia is a landlocked country and does not have a coastline.
Maritime Claims
As a landlocked country, Serbia has no maritime claims.
Climate
Serbia has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters, with significant regional variations due to the diverse topography. The north has a continental climate, while the south has a more Mediterranean climate.
Terrain
Serbia has a diverse terrain featuring fertile plains in the north, limestone ranges and basins in the east, and rugged mountains in the south and west, including the Dinaric Alps.
Elevation Extremes
The highest point in Serbia is Đeravica, at an elevation of 2,656 meters (8,714 feet), located in the Prokletije Mountains on the border with Albania. The lowest point is the Danube River, at an elevation of 28 meters (92 feet).
Natural Resources
Serbia’s natural resources include oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, and arable land.
Major Bodies of Water
The major rivers in Serbia are the Danube, Sava, Tisa, Drina, and Morava. The Danube and Sava rivers are shared with other countries. Serbia also has several significant lakes, including Đerdap (shared with Romania), Palić, Ludoš, and Vlasinsko.
Natural Hazards
Serbia is prone to earthquakes, flooding, and landslides.
Geography – Notes
Serbia controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East, and its strategic location has been a significant factor in its history. The country also has significant environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and soil erosion.
- Forest Area (% of land area): 31.10%. This is the percentage of a country’s total land area that is covered by natural or planted forests.
- Co2 Emissions: 45,221. CO2 emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes.
- Agricultural Land( %). 39.30%. Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable and used for cultivating crops or raising livestock.
- Geographic Coordinates: 44.01652121.005859.
- Capital: The capital of Serbia is Belgrade
- Major Cities:
- Belgrade – Population: 1,166,763
- Novi Sad – Population: 341,625
- Niš – Population: 183,164
- Kragujevac – Population: 150,835
- Population: 6,944,975
- Area(Km2): 77474
- Population Density( P/Km²):100. This is the number of people living per square kilometer of land area in a given region or country.
- Calling Code:381
- Official Language(s):Serbia is Serbian, with a percentage of 88%.
- Currency: RSD
Main Economic Indicators
Serbia has an upper-middle income, service-based economy with a population of around 6.9 million. The private sector accounts for approximately 60% of GDP, with foreign firms playing a significant role. Key economic challenges include low investment, an inefficient judiciary, corruption, red tape, and relatively high unemployment and public debt. Notable economic policies aim to attract foreign direct investment and accelerate integration with the European Union.
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)
Consumer price inflation (annual %) 6.6% (2022 est.)
Source: The World Bank
Credit Ratings
Fitch: BB+ (Stable)
Moody’s: Ba2 (Stable)
Standard & Poor’s: BB+ (Positive)
GDP – Composition by Sector of Origin
Agriculture: 6.2%
Industry: 26.2%
Services: 67.6%
(2017 est.)
Key Agricultural and Industrial Products
Agricultural Products: corn, wheat, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, raspberries, apples, beef, pork, milk
Industrial Products: automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals
Labor Force
Total Labor Force: 2.818 million (2022 est.)
Ranked 107th in the world
Current Account Balance
Current Account Balance: -$5.324 billion (2022 est.)
Ranked 174th in the world
Exports and Imports
Exports: $25.79 billion (2022 est.)
Key Export Partners: Germany, Italy, Romania, Russia, Hungary
Main Exports: automobiles, iron and steel, rubber, electrical machinery, cereals
Imports: $41.85 billion (2022 est.)
Key Import Partners: Germany, Russia, Italy, China, Hungary
Main Imports: machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, foodstuffs, vehicles
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold
Foreign Exchange Reserves: $19.14 billion (31 December 2022 est.)
Gold Reserves: 16.75 tonnes (December 2022 est.)
- GDP (Current US$):$51,409,167,351. It represents a country’s gross domestic product measured in current US dollars. Higher values indicate a larger economy and economic output.
- Tax Revenue (% of GDP): 18.60%. It refers to the amount of tax revenue collected by the government, expressed as a percentage of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Higher values indicate a higher tax burden relative to the size of the economy.
- Total Tax Rate (% of commercial profits): 36.60%. This is the sum of all taxes payable by businesses, expressed as a percentage of their commercial profits. Higher values indicate a higher tax burden on businesses.
- Gasoline Price. $1.16. It refers to the cost of one liter or gallon of gasoline/petrol. Higher values indicate more expensive gasoline prices for consumers and businesses.
- Minimum wage. $1.57. It refers to the lowest legally mandated hourly wage that employers must pay their workers. Higher values indicate a higher minimum level of pay for low-wage workers.
- Unemployment Rate (%): 12.69%. It represents the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate more joblessness in the economy.
Social Indicators
1. National Identity
Noun: Serb(s)
Adjective: Serbian
2. Ethnic Groups
Major ethnic groups:
– Serbs (83.3%)
– Hungarians (3.5%)
– Roma (2.1%)
– Bosniaks (2%)
– Others (9.1%)
3. Religions
Religious affiliations:
– Orthodox Christian (84.6%)
– Catholic (5%)
– Muslim (3.1%)
– Protestant (0.8%)
– Other/Unspecified (6.5%)
4. Age Structure
Age distribution:
– 0-14 years: 14.5%
– 15-64 years: 66.2%
– 65 years and over: 19.3%
5. Dependency Ratios
Dependency ratios:
– Total dependency ratio: 51.3%
– Youth dependency ratio: 21.9%
– Elderly dependency ratio: 29.4%
6. Median Age
Median age:
– Total: 41.8 years
– Male: 40.3 years
– Female: 43.3 years
7. Lifestyle Indicators
Relevant statistics:
– Obesity rate: 21.5%
– Alcohol consumption (liters per capita): 9.2
– Tobacco use (% of adults): 36.8%
- Life Expectancy at Birth: 75.5. Life Expectancy at Birth refers to the estimated average number of years a newborn is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Higher values indicate better health outcomes and living conditions in a country or region.
- Literacy Rate (% of adults): 86.2%. It refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who can read and write with understanding of a short simple statement about their everyday life. Higher literacy rates indicate better educational attainment within a population.
- Birth Rate:9.2. Birth Rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher birth rates indicate a larger share of the population being born each year.
- Death Rate:20. Death Rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher death rates indicate more people dying annually within a population.
- Fertility Rate: 1.49. Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive years based on current birth rates. Higher fertility rates indicate larger family sizes and population growth.
- Internet Users (% of population): 84.7%. Internet Users (% of population) refers to the percentage of the total population in a country or region that has access to and uses the internet. Higher values indicate greater internet penetration and connectivity among the population.
- Urban Population: 3,907,243. Urban Population refers to the percentage or number of people living in urban areas or cities within a country or region. Higher urban population values indicate greater urbanization and concentration of people in cities compared to rural areas.
- Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure):40.60%. Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure) represents the portion of total health care costs that individuals pay directly out of their own pockets, rather than being covered by insurance or government programs. Higher values indicate greater personal financial burden for health care expenses.
Infrastructure and Services
Military and Security Forces
Serbia’s military is divided into three main branches: the Serbian Army, Serbian Air Force and Air Defense, and Serbian River Flotilla. The Serbian Armed Forces also include the Military Police Battalion and Military Security Agency. The Ministry of Interior oversees law enforcement through the national police service.
Military Expenditures
Serbia’s military expenditure as a percentage of GDP for the last five years:
2022: 2.4%
2021: 2.2%
2020: 2.2%
2019: 2.3%
2018: 2.1%
Serbia’s military spending ranks 77th globally based on the latest available data.
Personnel Strengths
Serbia has approximately 28,000 active-duty military personnel, with the following breakdown:
– Army: 19,000
– Air Force and Air Defense: 5,000
– River Flotilla: 1,000
The Ministry of Interior employs around 44,000 personnel, including the national police and other security services.
Military Equipment Inventories and Acquisitions
Serbia’s military equipment includes domestically produced and imported hardware, such as:
– Main battle tanks: M-84 and T-72
– Armored vehicles: BOV series, BVP M-80, and BRDM-2
– Artillery: D-30, M-77, and M-84 howitzers
– Aircraft: J-22 Orao, G-4 Super Galeb, and MiG-29 fighter jets
Serbia is pursuing modernization efforts, including the acquisition of new combat aircraft and air defense systems.
Military Service Age and Obligation
Serbia has a voluntary military service system. The minimum age for voluntary military service is 19, with no maximum age limit. Recruits must have completed secondary education and pass medical and psychological evaluations.
Military Deployments
Serbia currently has around 300 personnel deployed overseas as part of international peacekeeping missions, including in Lebanon, Cyprus, and the Central African Republic. Serbia also contributes to the NATO-led KFOR mission in Kosovo.
Strategic Military Notes
Serbia’s defense strategy prioritizes territorial integrity, securing borders, and maintaining regional stability. The military plays a role in international peacekeeping operations and has partnerships with NATO, the EU, and Russia. Serbia is a member of the Partnership for Peace program and aims to maintain a balanced foreign policy approach.
- Armed Forces Size: 25000. Armed Forces Size refers to the total number of active personnel serving in a country’s military forces, including the army, navy, air force, and other branches. Higher values indicate a larger military presence and personnel.
- Physicians per Thousand: Number of doctors per 1,000 people is 3.11
- Population: Labor Force Participation (%): 54.90%. This is the percentage of the total population aged 15 and older that is economically active, meaning they are either employed or actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate a greater proportion of the working-age population engaged in the labor force.