Poland: general information about country, happiness index 2024

World Happiness Report for Poland 2024

  • Overall Happiness Rank Poland: 35
  • Happiness Score Poland:6.442

Happiness is a subjective concept that has long been debated by philosophers, psychologists, and economists alike. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in quantifying happiness and using it as a measure of a nation’s overall well-being. This is where the concept of the Happiness Index comes into play.

What is the Happiness Index?

The Happiness Index is a measure that attempts to quantify the overall happiness and life satisfaction of a country’s population. It is based on the idea that traditional economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), do not fully capture the overall well-being of a society. The Happiness Index takes into account various factors that contribute to an individual’s sense of happiness and life satisfaction, including social support, freedom to make life choices, healthy life expectancy, and perceptions of corruption.

How is the Happiness Index Calculated?

The Happiness Index is calculated through a combination of subjective and objective data. The primary source of data is the Gallup World Poll, which is a survey conducted in over 160 countries. The survey asks respondents to rate their overall life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being the worst possible life and 10 being the best possible life.

In addition to the life satisfaction score, the Happiness Index also takes into account the following factors:

  1. GDP per capita: This is a measure of a country’s economic output and standard of living.
  2. Social support: This factor measures the extent to which individuals have supportive relationships and love in their lives.
  3. Healthy life expectancy: This is a measure of the number of years an individual is expected to live in good health.
  4. Freedom to make life choices: This factor measures the extent to which individuals are able to make decisions about their lives without external constraints.
  5. Generosity: This factor measures the extent to which individuals engage in charitable activities and donate to others.
  6. Perceptions of corruption: This factor measures the extent to which individuals perceive their society to be free from corruption.

These factors are weighted and combined to produce an overall Happiness Index score for each country.

What Does the Happiness Index Affect?

The Happiness Index has significant implications for policymaking and societal well-being. Countries with higher Happiness Index scores are generally considered to have better overall quality of life and well-being for their citizens. This can have positive impacts on various aspects of society, including:

  1. Economic productivity: Happier individuals tend to be more productive and engaged in their work, which can contribute to a country’s economic growth.
  2. Public health: Higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction are associated with better physical and mental health outcomes, which can reduce healthcare costs and improve overall well-being.
  3. Social cohesion: Societies with higher levels of happiness tend to have stronger social bonds and lower levels of conflict and crime.
  4. Environmental sustainability: Happier individuals may be more likely to engage in environmentally-friendly behaviors and support policies that promote sustainability.

By focusing on the factors that contribute to happiness and well-being, policymakers can develop strategies to improve the overall quality of life for their citizens. The Happiness Index provides a valuable tool for measuring progress and identifying areas where improvements can be made.

Short information

  • Abbreviation of Poland. PL.
  • Poland is a unitary state with a parliamentary system of government.
  • Poland has a rich cultural heritage, with notable contributions to literature, music, and art.
  • Poland has a growing and diverse economy, with significant industries in manufacturing, agriculture, and technology.

    • Poland – A Comprehensive Overview

    History and Background

    Early History: The territory of modern-day Poland has been inhabited since ancient times. The Slavic tribes, including the Polans, settled in the region around the 6th century AD. The Polans eventually established the Piast Dynasty, which ruled from the 10th to the 14th centuries.

    Kingdoms and Empires: In 966, Prince Mieszko I of the Piast Dynasty embraced Christianity and established the Polish state. The Kingdom of Poland flourished during the 16th century under the Jagiellonian Dynasty. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a vast multi-ethnic and multi-cultural realm.

    Colonial Period: Poland experienced a series of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in the late 18th century, leading to the disappearance of the Polish state for more than a century.

    Independence and Modern Era: Poland regained its independence in 1918 after World War I. However, the country was devastated during World War II, with millions of Poles killed and its cities destroyed. After the war, Poland became a Soviet satellite state under communist rule until 1989, when the Solidarity movement led to the fall of the communist regime and the transition to democracy.

    Current Political Situation: Poland is a unitary semi-presidential republic with a prime minister as the head of government and a president as the head of state. The current president is Andrzej Duda, and the prime minister is Mateusz Morawiecki. The ruling party is the conservative Law and Justice (PiS) party.

    International Relations: Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, and the United Nations. It has maintained strong relations with its Western allies, while also seeking to balance its ties with Russia and other Eastern European countries.

    Human Development and Economy: Poland has a high-income economy, with a strong manufacturing sector, particularly in automotive, machinery, and electronics. The country has experienced steady economic growth since its transition to a market economy in the 1990s. Poland ranks relatively high on the Human Development Index.

    Cultural Highlights: Poland has a rich cultural heritage, influenced by its Slavic roots and centuries of interaction with other European cultures. The country is known for its architecture, literature, music, and art. Catholicism is the dominant religion, and the Polish language is widely spoken.

    Challenges and Opportunities: Poland faces challenges related to demographic decline, income inequality, and environmental issues. However, the country also has opportunities in sectors like renewable energy, technology, and innovation, as well as its strategic location in Central Europe.

    Travel Tips for Poland

    • Best times to visit: Spring (April-May) and fall (September-October) offer pleasant weather and fewer crowds.

    • Cultural etiquette: Dress conservatively, remove hats indoors, and avoid public displays of affection.

    • Safety precautions: Poland is generally safe, but exercise caution in crowded areas and be aware of petty crime.

    • Must-see landmarks: Visit the Old Town in Krakow, the Wieliczka Salt Mine, Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial, and the Royal Castle in Warsaw.

    • Culinary experiences: Try traditional dishes like pierogi (dumplings), bigos (hunter’s stew), and Polish vodka.

    Living in Poland

    • Cost of living: Poland offers a relatively low cost of living compared to Western Europe, with affordable housing, food, and transportation.

    • Housing: Rent or buy apartments in cities like Warsaw, Krakow, and Gdansk. Consider suburban areas for more space and lower costs.

    • Healthcare: Poland has a universal healthcare system, but expats may opt for private health insurance for faster access to care.

    • Education: Poland has a well-regarded public education system, with universities offering degrees in English.

    • Lifestyle: Embrace the vibrant cafe culture, enjoy outdoor activities, and participate in traditional festivals and celebrations.

    • Cultural norms: Learn basic Polish phrases, respect religious customs, and be punctual for appointments.

    Doing Business in Poland

    • Business culture: Emphasize punctuality, formality, and respect for hierarchy. Building personal relationships is essential.

    • Economic climate: Poland has a diversified economy with opportunities in sectors like manufacturing, technology, and services.

    • Key industries: Automotive, machinery, electronics, food processing, and renewable energy.

    • Legal frameworks: Poland offers a stable legal system and attractive incentives for foreign investment.

    • Negotiation strategies: Be patient, avoid aggressive tactics, and maintain a professional demeanor.

    • Building relationships: Network through business associations, attend industry events, and seek local partners or advisors.

    Studying in Poland

    • Educational system: Poland has a well-developed higher education system with public and private universities.

    • Top universities: University of Warsaw, Jagiellonian University (Krakow), Warsaw University of Technology, and Adam Mickiewicz University (Poznań).

    • Student life: Expect a vibrant social scene, affordable living costs, and opportunities to join student organizations.

    • Visa requirements: EU/EEA citizens can study without a visa, while non-EU students need a student visa.

    • Opportunities for international students: Many universities offer programs in English, scholarships, and support services for international students.

Main facts

1. Location

Poland is a country located in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the north.

2. Map References

Poland is situated in the Eastern European region of the continent.

3. Area – Comparative

Poland has an area of approximately 312,696 sq km, making it slightly smaller than the U.S. state of New Mexico.

4. Land Boundaries and Border Countries

Poland shares a total land border length of 3,511 km with the following countries:

5. Coastline

Poland has a coastline of 491 km along the Baltic Sea, featuring various bays, inlets, and the Vistulan Spit (a sandy peninsula).

6. Maritime Claims

Poland claims the following maritime zones:

  • Territorial sea: 12 nautical miles
  • Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles
  • Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

7. Climate

Poland has a temperate continental climate, characterized by cold winters and warm summers. The climate varies across regions, with the northeastern region experiencing a more continental climate and the southwestern region having a more maritime climate.

8. Terrain

The terrain of Poland is predominantly low-lying, with a few mountainous regions in the south (the Sudetes and Carpathian ranges). The country also features numerous lakes, rivers, and plains, including the Mazurian Lake District and the Central European Lowlands.

9. Elevation Extremes

The highest point in Poland is Mount Rysy, at 2,499 meters above sea level, located in the Tatra Mountains along the border with Slovakia. The lowest point is Raczki Elbląskie, at -1.8 meters below sea level, situated near the Baltic coast.

10. Natural Resources

Poland’s major natural resources include coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, arable land, and forests.

11. Major Bodies of Water

The major rivers in Poland include the Vistula (Wisła), Oder (Odra), and Warta. Notable lakes are the Śniardwy, Mamry, and Łebsko. The Vistula and Oder rivers are shared with other countries.

12. Natural Hazards

Poland is prone to flooding, particularly along the Oder and Vistula river basins. The country also experiences occasional severe storms and extreme temperatures.

13. Geography – Notes

Poland’s geography has played a significant role in its history and development. The country’s location at the crossroads of Eastern and Western Europe has made it a strategic and contested region throughout history. Additionally, Poland’s flat terrain and fertile soils have contributed to its agricultural importance, while its access to the Baltic Sea has facilitated trade and maritime activities.

  • Forest Area (% of land area): 30.90%. This is the percentage of a country’s total land area that is covered by natural or planted forests.
  • Co2 Emissions: 299,037. CO2 emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes.
  • Agricultural Land( %). 46.90%. Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable and used for cultivating crops or raising livestock.
  • Geographic Coordinates:  51.91943819.145136.
  • Capital: The capital of Poland is  Warsaw
  • Major Cities:
    • Warsaw – Population: 1.8 million
    • Krakow – Population: 769,498
    • Wroclaw – Population: 640,648
    • Poznan – Population: 538,633
    • Gdansk – Population: 470,907
  • Population: 37,970,874
  • Area(Km2): 312685
  • Population Density( P/Km²):124. This is the number of people living per square kilometer of land area in a given region or country.
  • Calling Code:48
  • Official Language(s):Poland is Polish 98.1%
  • Currency: PLN

Main Economic Indicators

Poland has a developed market economy with a diversified economic base. As a member of the European Union (EU) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Poland benefits from close economic integration with other European nations. The country has a population of approximately 37.8 million and a nominal GDP of around $624 billion, making it the sixth-largest economy in the EU. Key economic challenges include low labor productivity, an aging population, and the need for continued structural reforms to improve competitiveness.

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

– 2022: 13.8% (source: Central Statistical Office of Poland)
– 2021: 5.1% (source: Central Statistical Office of Poland)

Credit Ratings

– Fitch: A- (Stable)
– Moody’s: A2 (Stable)
– Standard & Poor’s: A- (Stable)

GDP – Composition by Sector of Origin

– Agriculture: 2.6%
– Industry: 33.6%
– Services: 63.8% (2022 estimates)

Key Agricultural and Industrial Products

Agricultural Products: Potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat, poultry, dairy products, sugar beets, hogs, triticale, rapeseed.
Industrial Products: Machine tools, iron and steel, coal mining, electric machinery, shipbuilding, automotive manufacturing, communications equipment, chemicals, textile and apparel, food processing, glass and ceramics.

Labor Force

Total labor force: 17.36 million (2022 estimate, ranked 37th globally)

Current Account Balance

– 2022: -$17.3 billion (ranked 171st globally)
– 2021: $2.85 billion (ranked 163rd globally)

Exports and Imports

Exports: $380.9 billion (2022 estimate)
Key Export Partners: Germany, Czech Republic, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands
Major Exports: Machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, minerals and fuels.

Imports: $412.6 billion (2022 estimate)
Key Import Partners: Germany, China, Russia, Netherlands, Italy
Major Imports: Machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, minerals and fuels.

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

– Foreign Exchange Reserves: $181.2 billion (as of January 2023)
– Gold Reserves: 229.2 tonnes (as of January 2023)

  • GDP (Current US$):$592,164,400,688. It represents a country’s gross domestic product measured in current US dollars. Higher values indicate a larger economy and economic output.
  • Tax Revenue (% of GDP): 17.40%. It refers to the amount of tax revenue collected by the government, expressed as a percentage of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Higher values indicate a higher tax burden relative to the size of the economy.
  • Total Tax Rate (% of commercial profits): 40.80%. This is the sum of all taxes payable by businesses, expressed as a percentage of their commercial profits. Higher values indicate a higher tax burden on businesses.
  • Gasoline Price. $1.07. It refers to the cost of one liter or gallon of gasoline/petrol. Higher values indicate more expensive gasoline prices for consumers and businesses.
  • Minimum wage. $2.93. It refers to the lowest legally mandated hourly wage that employers must pay their workers. Higher values indicate a higher minimum level of pay for low-wage workers.
  • Unemployment Rate (%): 3.47%. It represents the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate more joblessness in the economy.

Social Indicators

1. National Identity

Nationality noun: Pole

Nationality adjective: Polish

2. Ethnic Groups

Major ethnic groups and their percentages:

  • Polish: 97.1%
  • Silesian: 1.1%
  • German: 0.2%
  • Belarusian: 0.1%
  • Ukrainian: 0.1%
  • Other and unspecified: 1.4%

3. Religions

Main religious affiliations and their percentages within the population:

  • Catholic: 87.6%
  • Orthodox: 1.3%
  • Protestant: 0.4%
  • Other: 0.4%
  • Unspecified: 10.3%

4. Age Structure

Distribution of the population across different age groups:

  • 0-14 years: 14.5%
  • 15-64 years: 67.3%
  • 65 years and over: 18.2%

5. Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 49.1%

Youth dependency ratio: 21.6%

Elderly dependency ratio: 27.5%

6. Median Age

Median age of the population: 41.7 years

Median age for males: 39.9 years

Median age for females: 43.4 years

7. Lifestyle Indicators

Obesity rate: 26.8% of the adult population

Alcohol consumption: 11.7 liters of pure alcohol per capita per year

Tobacco use: 24.4% of adults smoke tobacco

  • Life Expectancy at Birth: 77.6. Life Expectancy at Birth refers to the estimated average number of years a newborn is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Higher values indicate better health outcomes and living conditions in a country or region.
  • Literacy Rate (% of adults): 99.9%. It refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who can read and write with understanding of a short simple statement about their everyday life. Higher literacy rates indicate better educational attainment within a population.
  • Birth Rate:10.2. Birth Rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher birth rates indicate a larger share of the population being born each year.
  • Death Rate:14. Death Rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher death rates indicate more people dying annually within a population.
  • Fertility Rate: 1.46. Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive years based on current birth rates. Higher fertility rates indicate larger family sizes and population growth.
  • Internet Users (% of population): 93.3%. Internet Users (% of population) refers to the percentage of the total population in a country or region that has access to and uses the internet. Higher values indicate greater internet penetration and connectivity among the population.
  • Urban Population: 22,796,574. Urban Population refers to the percentage or number of people living in urban areas or cities within a country or region. Higher urban population values indicate greater urbanization and concentration of people in cities compared to rural areas.
  • Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure):23.20%. Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure) represents the portion of total health care costs that individuals pay directly out of their own pockets, rather than being covered by insurance or government programs. Higher values indicate greater personal financial burden for health care expenses.

Infrastructure and Services

Military and Security Forces

The Polish Armed Forces consist of the following branches:

  • Land Forces (Army)
  • Air Force
  • Navy (including Naval Air Force and Coastal Defense Forces)
  • Special Forces (GROM, Formoza, Nil)

The National Police and Border Guard are responsible for internal security.

Military Expenditures

Military spending as a percentage of GDP:

  • 2022: 2.4%
  • 2021: 2.2%
  • 2020: 2.2%
  • 2019: 2.0%
  • 2018: 2.0%

Poland ranked 22nd globally in military expenditure in 2022.

Personnel Strengths

Total active-duty military personnel: 120,000

  • Land Forces: 63,000
  • Air Force: 16,500
  • Navy: 7,600
  • Special Forces: 2,900

Other security services:

  • National Police: 100,000
  • Border Guard: 16,000

Military Equipment Inventories and Acquisitions

Key military hardware includes:

  • Main Battle Tanks: Leopard 2A4, PT-91 Twardy
  • Combat Aircraft: F-16C/D, MiG-29, Su-22
  • Naval Assets: Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates, Kilo-class submarines

Significant future acquisitions include:

  • M1A2 SEPv3 Abrams main battle tanks
  • FA-50 light attack aircraft
  • AW149 multi-role helicopters

Military Service Age and Obligation

Military service is voluntary, though conscription remains a legal possibility in case of war. The current service obligation is:

  • Voluntary enlistment: 18-49 years old
  • Mandatory if conscription reinstated: 18-28 years old

Military Deployments

Current overseas deployments:

  • NATO Enhanced Forward Presence Battalion Battle Group in Romania
  • NATO Enhanced Forward Presence Battalion Battle Group in Latvia
  • NATO Kosovo Force (KFOR)

Major peacekeeping missions:

  • United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)

Strategic Military Notes

Poland’s defense strategy focuses on territorial defense, deterring potential aggression, and contributing to NATO collective security. Key priorities include:

  • Strengthening NATO’s eastern flank
  • Enhancing national resilience and defense capabilities
  • Supporting regional stability through security partnerships

Poland is a founding member of NATO and an active participant in multinational operations and exercises to promote regional and global security.

  • Armed Forces Size: 202100. Armed Forces Size refers to the total number of active personnel serving in a country’s military forces, including the army, navy, air force, and other branches. Higher values indicate a larger military presence and personnel.
  • Physicians per Thousand: Number of doctors per 1,000 people is 2.38
  • Population: Labor Force Participation (%): 56.70%. This is the percentage of the total population aged 15 and older that is economically active, meaning they are either employed or actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate a greater proportion of the working-age population engaged in the labor force.

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