World Happiness Report for Mauritania 2024
- Overall Happiness Rank Mauritania: 111
- Happiness Score Mauritania:4.505
Happiness is a subjective concept that has long been debated by philosophers, psychologists, and economists alike. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in quantifying happiness and using it as a measure of a nation’s overall well-being. This is where the concept of the Happiness Index comes into play.
What is the Happiness Index?
The Happiness Index is a measure that attempts to quantify the overall happiness and life satisfaction of a country’s population. It is based on the idea that traditional economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), do not fully capture the overall well-being of a society. The Happiness Index takes into account various factors that contribute to an individual’s sense of happiness and life satisfaction, including social support, freedom to make life choices, healthy life expectancy, and perceptions of corruption.
How is the Happiness Index Calculated?
The Happiness Index is calculated through a combination of subjective and objective data. The primary source of data is the Gallup World Poll, which is a survey conducted in over 160 countries. The survey asks respondents to rate their overall life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being the worst possible life and 10 being the best possible life.
In addition to the life satisfaction score, the Happiness Index also takes into account the following factors:
- GDP per capita: This is a measure of a country’s economic output and standard of living.
- Social support: This factor measures the extent to which individuals have supportive relationships and love in their lives.
- Healthy life expectancy: This is a measure of the number of years an individual is expected to live in good health.
- Freedom to make life choices: This factor measures the extent to which individuals are able to make decisions about their lives without external constraints.
- Generosity: This factor measures the extent to which individuals engage in charitable activities and donate to others.
- Perceptions of corruption: This factor measures the extent to which individuals perceive their society to be free from corruption.
These factors are weighted and combined to produce an overall Happiness Index score for each country.
What Does the Happiness Index Affect?
The Happiness Index has significant implications for policymaking and societal well-being. Countries with higher Happiness Index scores are generally considered to have better overall quality of life and well-being for their citizens. This can have positive impacts on various aspects of society, including:
- Economic productivity: Happier individuals tend to be more productive and engaged in their work, which can contribute to a country’s economic growth.
- Public health: Higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction are associated with better physical and mental health outcomes, which can reduce healthcare costs and improve overall well-being.
- Social cohesion: Societies with higher levels of happiness tend to have stronger social bonds and lower levels of conflict and crime.
- Environmental sustainability: Happier individuals may be more likely to engage in environmentally-friendly behaviors and support policies that promote sustainability.
By focusing on the factors that contribute to happiness and well-being, policymakers can develop strategies to improve the overall quality of life for their citizens. The Happiness Index provides a valuable tool for measuring progress and identifying areas where improvements can be made.
Short information
- Abbreviation of Mauritania. MR.
Mauritania is a country in West Africa with a predominantly Islamic population. The government is a presidential republic, and the country’s economy relies heavily on agriculture and fishing.
- Despite being predominantly Arab-Berber, Mauritania is also home to various ethnic groups, including Haratine, Soninke, and Pulaar.
- Mauritania is known for its rich and diverse traditional music and dance, including the popular Moorish music style.
- The country’s economy is heavily reliant on iron ore exports, with mining being a significant contributor to its GDP.
- Best Time to Visit: The most favorable time to visit Mauritania is during the cooler months of November to March, when temperatures are mild and the risk of sandstorms is lower.
- Cultural Etiquette: Mauritania is a conservative Islamic country, and visitors should dress modestly, particularly women. It’s also important to respect local customs and traditions during Ramadan.
- Safety Precautions: While Mauritania is generally safe for tourists, it’s advisable to avoid remote areas near the borders and follow the advice of local authorities regarding potential security risks.
- Must-See Landmarks: Visit the ancient cities of Chinguetti and Ouadane, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Explore the capital city of Nouakchott and its markets, and witness the stunning natural landscapes of the Banc d’Arguin National Park.
- Culinary Experiences: Try traditional Mauritanian dishes such as thieboudienne (rice and fish), méchoui (roasted lamb), and mint tea, which is an integral part of the local culture.
Comprehensive Overview of Mauritania
Early History:
The territory of present-day Mauritania has been inhabited since ancient times. The region was home to the Berber people and various nomadic tribes, including the Sanhaja and Almoravid Berbers. The Ghana Empire, one of the earliest known empires in West Africa, controlled parts of the area between the 7th and 13th centuries.
Kingdoms and Empires:
The Mali Empire, which emerged in the 13th century, was a powerful kingdom that extended its influence over parts of Mauritania. The Songhai Empire, another influential West African empire, also controlled portions of Mauritania in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Colonial Period:
The territory of Mauritania was colonized by France in the late 19th century, becoming part of French West Africa. The colonial period saw the exploitation of natural resources and the imposition of French culture and language.
Independence and Modern Era:
Mauritania gained independence from France in 1960. In the post-independence era, the country experienced political instability, including several military coups and periods of authoritarian rule. In 1975, Mauritania annexed the southern portion of Western Sahara, leading to a protracted conflict with the Polisario Front, which sought independence for the region. This conflict lasted until 1979 when Mauritania withdrew its forces.
Current Political Situation:
Mauritania is a semi-presidential republic with a multi-party system. The current president is Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, who was elected in 2019. The country has experienced several democratic transitions, but political stability remains a challenge.
International Relations:
Mauritania has close ties with Arab and African countries, and is a member of organizations such as the African Union and the Arab League. The country has worked to improve relations with neighboring states and address issues related to regional security and economic cooperation.
Human Development and Economy:
Mauritania’s economy is largely based on mining, fishing, and agriculture. The country has significant mineral resources, including iron ore, gold, and copper. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with a large portion of the population living below the poverty line.
Cultural Highlights:
Mauritania has a diverse cultural heritage, influenced by Berber, Arab, and sub-Saharan African traditions. Islam is the predominant religion, and Arabic is the official language. The country is known for its rich oral traditions, music, and crafts, such as leather and silver work.
Mauritania faces challenges related to political instability, poverty, and environmental issues, such as desertification and water scarcity. However, the country also has opportunities for economic diversification, sustainable development, and regional integration.
Travel Tips for Mauritania
Main facts
Location
Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest.
Map References
Mauritania is located in West Africa.
Area – Comparative
Mauritania has an area slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico or slightly smaller than Egypt.
Land Boundaries and Border Countries
Total: 5,074 km
Border countries: Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 742 km, Western Sahara 1,564 km
Coastline (if applicable)
Mauritania has a coastline of 754 km along the Atlantic Ocean.
Maritime Claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate
Mauritania has a desert climate with hot and arid conditions prevailing throughout the country. The northern regions experience a Saharan climate, while the southern regions have a Sahelian climate with a short rainy season.
Terrain
Mauritania is predominantly a vast, flat desert with scattered oasis settlements. The northern regions are marked by the Sahara Desert, while the southern regions consist of semi-arid plains and shallow valleys.
Elevation Extremes
Lowest point: Tml Erg Malane -5 m
Highest point: Kediet Ijill 915 m
Natural Resources
Iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate rock, diamonds, gold, oil, and fish
Major Bodies of Water
The Senegal River marks the southern border with Senegal and Mali, while the western coastline borders the Atlantic Ocean.
Natural Hazards
Hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts; locust infestations
Geography – Notes
Mauritania is a vast, sparsely populated country dominated by the Sahara Desert. Its economy heavily relies on mining, fishing, and agricultural activities in the more fertile southern regions. Desertification, water scarcity, and environmental degradation are significant challenges faced by the country.
- Forest Area (% of land area): 0.20%. This is the percentage of a country’s total land area that is covered by natural or planted forests.
- Co2 Emissions: 2,739. CO2 emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes.
- Agricultural Land( %). 38.50%. Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable and used for cultivating crops or raising livestock.
- Geographic Coordinates: 21.00789-10.940835.
- Capital: The capital of Mauritania is Nouakchott
- Major Cities:
- Nouakchott – population: 1,144,681
- Nouadhibou – population: 118,167
- Néma – population: 93,224
- Kaédi – population: 81,602
- Population: 4,525,696
- Area(Km2): 1030700
- Population Density( P/Km²):5. This is the number of people living per square kilometer of land area in a given region or country.
- Calling Code:222
- Official Language(s):Mauritania is Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, and Wolof. Arabic is spoken by 50-80% of the population.
- Currency: MRU
Main Economic Indicators
Mauritania has a developing economy driven primarily by the mining and extractive industries, particularly iron ore, gold, and copper. The country’s economy is heavily dependent on foreign trade, especially with the European Union. Key economic challenges include high unemployment, widespread poverty, limited economic diversification, and inadequate infrastructure. Notable economic policies aim to promote economic diversification, improve fiscal sustainability, and attract foreign investment.
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)
3.9% (2022 est.)
4.9% (2021 est.)
Source: International Monetary Fund
Credit Ratings
Fitch Ratings: Not Rated
Moody’s: Not Rated
Standard & Poor’s: Not Rated
GDP – Composition by Sector of Origin
Agriculture: 16.3%
Industry: 35.1%
Services: 48.6%
(2017 est.)
Key Agricultural and Industrial Products
Agricultural Products: dates, vegetables, camels, chickens, cattle
Industrial Products: iron ore, gold, copper, crude oil, fish and fish products
Labor Force
Total Labor Force: 1.406 million (2022 est.)
Ranking: 138th globally
Current Account Balance
-$1.09 billion (2021 est.)
Ranking: 143rd globally
Exports and Imports
Exports: $4.09 billion (2021 est.)
Key Partners: China, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Japan
Main Commodities: iron ore, fish and crustaceans, gold, copper
Imports: $3.31 billion (2021 est.)
Key Partners: Morocco, United Arab Emirates, China, Spain, France
Main Commodities: machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold
$1.2 billion (2021 est.)
Gold Reserves: 0.37 tonnes (2022 est.)
- GDP (Current US$):$7,593,752,450. It represents a country’s gross domestic product measured in current US dollars. Higher values indicate a larger economy and economic output.
- Tax Revenue (% of GDP): . It refers to the amount of tax revenue collected by the government, expressed as a percentage of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Higher values indicate a higher tax burden relative to the size of the economy.
- Total Tax Rate (% of commercial profits): 67.00%. This is the sum of all taxes payable by businesses, expressed as a percentage of their commercial profits. Higher values indicate a higher tax burden on businesses.
- Gasoline Price. $1.13. It refers to the cost of one liter or gallon of gasoline/petrol. Higher values indicate more expensive gasoline prices for consumers and businesses.
- Minimum wage. $0.53. It refers to the lowest legally mandated hourly wage that employers must pay their workers. Higher values indicate a higher minimum level of pay for low-wage workers.
- Unemployment Rate (%): 9.55%. It represents the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate more joblessness in the economy.
Social Indicators
National Identity
Noun: Mauritanian(s)
Adjective: Mauritanian
Ethnic Groups
Major ethnic groups:
- Bidhan (Arab-Berber) – 40%
- Haalpulaar (Toucouleur) – 30%
- Soninke – 9%
- Wolof – 9%
- Bambara – 7%
- Other Afro-Mauritanian ethnic groups – 5%
Religions
Major religious affiliations:
- Muslim (official) – 99.1%
- Other (Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, Animist) – 0.9%
Age Structure
Population distribution by age:
- 0-14 years: 38.36%
- 15-64 years: 58.77%
- 65 years and over: 2.87%
Dependency Ratios
Dependency ratios:
- Total dependency ratio: 70.8
- Youth dependency ratio: 66.2
- Elderly dependency ratio: 4.6
Median Age
Median age:
- Total: 20.4 years
- Males: 19.9 years
- Females: 20.9 years
Lifestyle Indicators
Selected lifestyle statistics:
- Obesity rate: 13.6%
- Alcohol consumption (liters of pure alcohol per capita per year): 0.1
- Tobacco use: 19.7% of adults
- Life Expectancy at Birth: 64.7. Life Expectancy at Birth refers to the estimated average number of years a newborn is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Higher values indicate better health outcomes and living conditions in a country or region.
- Literacy Rate (% of adults): 52.1%. It refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who can read and write with understanding of a short simple statement about their everyday life. Higher literacy rates indicate better educational attainment within a population.
- Birth Rate:33.69. Birth Rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher birth rates indicate a larger share of the population being born each year.
- Death Rate:7. Death Rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher death rates indicate more people dying annually within a population.
- Fertility Rate: 4.56. Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive years based on current birth rates. Higher fertility rates indicate larger family sizes and population growth.
- Internet Users (% of population): 19.9%. Internet Users (% of population) refers to the percentage of the total population in a country or region that has access to and uses the internet. Higher values indicate greater internet penetration and connectivity among the population.
- Urban Population: 2,466,821. Urban Population refers to the percentage or number of people living in urban areas or cities within a country or region. Higher urban population values indicate greater urbanization and concentration of people in cities compared to rural areas.
- Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure):48.20%. Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure) represents the portion of total health care costs that individuals pay directly out of their own pockets, rather than being covered by insurance or government programs. Higher values indicate greater personal financial burden for health care expenses.
Infrastructure and Services
Military and Security Forces
The military and security forces of Mauritania consist of the following main branches:
- Army (includes Air Defense Command and Motorized Infantry)
- Navy
- Air Force
- National Gendarmerie (paramilitary force under the Ministry of Defense, responsible for maintaining internal security)
Military Expenditures
Mauritania’s military spending as a percentage of GDP for the last five years:
- 2022: 3.2%
- 2021: 3.1%
- 2020: 3.4%
- 2019: 3.5%
- 2018: 3.6%
Globally, Mauritania ranks near the top for military spending as a percentage of GDP.
Personnel Strengths
Total active-duty military personnel: Approximately 20,000
- Army: 16,000
- Navy: 750
- Air Force: 1,600
Other security services include the National Gendarmerie with approximately 7,000 personnel.
Military Equipment Inventories and Acquisitions
Main military hardware in use:
- Armored vehicles, including imported T-72 tanks and domestically produced Scout Cars
- Towed artillery and rocket systems
- Small arms and light weapons
- Transport aircraft and helicopters
Recent and planned acquisitions include additional armored vehicles, patrol aircraft, and communications equipment from international partners.
Military Service Age and Obligation
Mauritania has no mandatory military service. However, voluntary service is possible from age 18 to 32, with conscripts serving 18 to 24 months based on education level.
Military Deployments
Current overseas deployments include:
- United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), with approximately 800 Mauritanian troops
- United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
Strategic Military Notes
Mauritania’s defense strategy focuses on countering terrorism and securing borders in the Sahel region, given threats from regional extremist groups. The military also plays a role in addressing regional instability, working with international partners.
Mauritania is a member of the G5 Sahel Joint Force, a regional counterterrorism initiative. It also has defense cooperation agreements with France, the United States, and other international partners.
- Armed Forces Size: 15900. Armed Forces Size refers to the total number of active personnel serving in a country’s military forces, including the army, navy, air force, and other branches. Higher values indicate a larger military presence and personnel.
- Physicians per Thousand: Number of doctors per 1,000 people is 0.19
- Population: Labor Force Participation (%): 45.90%. This is the percentage of the total population aged 15 and older that is economically active, meaning they are either employed or actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate a greater proportion of the working-age population engaged in the labor force.