Bosnia and Herzegovina: general information about country, happiness index 2024

World Happiness Report for Bosnia and Herzegovina 2024

  • Overall Happiness Rank Bosnia and Herzegovina: 65
  • Happiness Score Bosnia and Herzegovina:5.877

Happiness is a subjective concept that has long been debated by philosophers, psychologists, and economists alike. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in quantifying happiness and using it as a measure of a nation’s overall well-being. This is where the concept of the Happiness Index comes into play.

What is the Happiness Index?

The Happiness Index is a measure that attempts to quantify the overall happiness and life satisfaction of a country’s population. It is based on the idea that traditional economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), do not fully capture the overall well-being of a society. The Happiness Index takes into account various factors that contribute to an individual’s sense of happiness and life satisfaction, including social support, freedom to make life choices, healthy life expectancy, and perceptions of corruption.

How is the Happiness Index Calculated?

The Happiness Index is calculated through a combination of subjective and objective data. The primary source of data is the Gallup World Poll, which is a survey conducted in over 160 countries. The survey asks respondents to rate their overall life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being the worst possible life and 10 being the best possible life.

In addition to the life satisfaction score, the Happiness Index also takes into account the following factors:

  1. GDP per capita: This is a measure of a country’s economic output and standard of living.
  2. Social support: This factor measures the extent to which individuals have supportive relationships and love in their lives.
  3. Healthy life expectancy: This is a measure of the number of years an individual is expected to live in good health.
  4. Freedom to make life choices: This factor measures the extent to which individuals are able to make decisions about their lives without external constraints.
  5. Generosity: This factor measures the extent to which individuals engage in charitable activities and donate to others.
  6. Perceptions of corruption: This factor measures the extent to which individuals perceive their society to be free from corruption.

These factors are weighted and combined to produce an overall Happiness Index score for each country.

What Does the Happiness Index Affect?

The Happiness Index has significant implications for policymaking and societal well-being. Countries with higher Happiness Index scores are generally considered to have better overall quality of life and well-being for their citizens. This can have positive impacts on various aspects of society, including:

  1. Economic productivity: Happier individuals tend to be more productive and engaged in their work, which can contribute to a country’s economic growth.
  2. Public health: Higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction are associated with better physical and mental health outcomes, which can reduce healthcare costs and improve overall well-being.
  3. Social cohesion: Societies with higher levels of happiness tend to have stronger social bonds and lower levels of conflict and crime.
  4. Environmental sustainability: Happier individuals may be more likely to engage in environmentally-friendly behaviors and support policies that promote sustainability.

By focusing on the factors that contribute to happiness and well-being, policymakers can develop strategies to improve the overall quality of life for their citizens. The Happiness Index provides a valuable tool for measuring progress and identifying areas where improvements can be made.

Short information

  • Abbreviation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. BA.

    Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country located in Southeastern Europe, known for its complex political structure as a federal parliamentary republic. The country has a rich cultural heritage, with a blend of European and Ottoman influences. Its economy is largely based on agriculture, forestry, and tourism.

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to the historic city of Mostar, known for its iconic Old Bridge and picturesque Ottoman architecture.
  • The country has three main ethnic groups – Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats – which coexist in a delicate balance within its political structure.
  • The Bosnian War in the 1990s left a lasting impact on the country, leading to the establishment of the internationally supervised entities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina – A Comprehensive Overview

    Brief History

    Early History: The region of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been inhabited since the Neolithic era, with evidence of settlements dating back to around 6,000 BC. The area was later home to the Illyrian and Celtic tribes, followed by the arrival of Slavic peoples in the 6th and 7th centuries AD.

    Kingdoms and Empires: In the Middle Ages, Bosnia was a powerful medieval state, reaching its peak under the rule of the Bosnian Banate in the 14th century. The region later fell under Ottoman rule, becoming a province of the Ottoman Empire in 1463.

    Colonial Period: Bosnia and Herzegovina remained part of the Ottoman Empire until 1878 when it was occupied and administered by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The region was formally annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.

    Independence and Modern Era: After World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia). During World War II, the region witnessed brutal conflict and ethnic violence. After the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1992, following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence, sparking a devastating war that lasted until 1995.

    Current Political Situation: Bosnia and Herzegovina is a federal parliamentary republic with a complex government structure consisting of two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The country has a tri-partite presidency and a bicameral legislature. Recent elections have been marked by political tensions and challenges in forming stable governing coalitions.

    International Relations: Bosnia and Herzegovina has been on a path toward European Union and NATO integration. It maintains close relations with neighboring countries and is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

    Human Development and Economy: Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy, with a focus on services, manufacturing, and tourism. The country faces challenges related to unemployment, corruption, and economic reform. Its human development indicators are moderate, with ongoing efforts to improve education, healthcare, and social services.

    Cultural Highlights: Bosnia and Herzegovina is known for its diverse cultural heritage, reflecting the influences of various ethnic groups and religious traditions. The country is home to numerous historical sites, stunning natural landscapes, and a rich culinary tradition that blends Mediterranean and continental flavors.

    Conclusion: Bosnia and Herzegovina faces ongoing challenges related to political stability, economic development, and reconciliation among its various ethnic and religious communities. However, the country also holds significant potential for growth and progress, particularly through regional integration and reforms aimed at strengthening democratic institutions and promoting inclusive economic opportunities.

    Travel Tips for Bosnia and Herzegovina

    • Best Times to Visit: The ideal times to visit Bosnia and Herzegovina are during the spring (April-May) and fall (September-October) when the weather is mild and pleasant.
    • Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs and dress modestly, especially when visiting religious sites. Greetings are important, and it’s polite to shake hands and exchange pleasantries.
    • Safety Precautions: While generally safe, exercise caution in crowded areas and be aware of potential pickpockets. Avoid discussing sensitive political topics or making insensitive comments about the war.
    • Must-See Landmarks: Visit the iconic Stari Most (Old Bridge) in Mostar, explore the historic city of Sarajevo, and marvel at the natural beauty of the Vrelo Bune spring and the Lukomir village.
    • Culinary Experiences: Sample traditional Bosnian dishes like ćevapi (grilled minced meat), burek (flaky pastry filled with meat or cheese), and baklava for dessert. Don’t miss trying the local coffee, known as bosanska kafa.

Main facts

1. Location

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country located in the Balkan Peninsula of Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Croatia to the north, west, and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast. Bosnia and Herzegovina is situated inland, with a small coastline along the Adriatic Sea.

2. Map References

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the Southeastern Europe region, specifically in the Balkans.

3. Area – Comparative

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an area of approximately 51,197 square kilometers, making it slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia.

4. Land Boundaries and Border Countries

The total land boundary length of Bosnia and Herzegovina is 1,537 kilometers. It shares borders with the following countries:

5. Coastline

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a 20-kilometer-long coastline along the Adriatic Sea.

6. Maritime Claims

Bosnia and Herzegovina claims a territorial sea of up to 12 nautical miles.

7. Climate

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a predominantly continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters. However, there are variations due to the country’s diverse topography, ranging from a semi-Mediterranean climate in the south to an alpine climate in the central mountains.

8. Terrain

The terrain of Bosnia and Herzegovina is dominated by the Dinaric Alps, featuring rugged mountains, valleys, and plateaus. The highest point is the Maglić mountain at 2,386 meters. The country also has fertile plains and river valleys, such as the Sava River valley.

9. Elevation Extremes

The highest elevation point in Bosnia and Herzegovina is Maglić at 2,386 meters, while the lowest point is the Adriatic Sea at 0 meters.

10. Natural Resources

The major natural resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina include:

  • Coal
  • Iron ore
  • Bauxite
  • Copper
  • Manganese
  • Chromium
  • Lead
  • Zinc
  • Hydropower potential

11. Major Bodies of Water

The major bodies of water in Bosnia and Herzegovina include:

12. Natural Hazards

The main natural hazards in Bosnia and Herzegovina include:

  • Earthquakes
  • Landslides
  • Floods

13. Geography – Notes

Bosnia and Herzegovina is known for its diverse and rugged terrain, featuring mountains, valleys, and rivers. The country is also home to various national parks and protected areas, including the Sutjeska National Park, known for its ancient forests and glacial lakes.

  • Forest Area (% of land area): 42.70%. This is the percentage of a country’s total land area that is covered by natural or planted forests.
  • Co2 Emissions: 21,848. CO2 emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes.
  • Agricultural Land( %). 43.10%. Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable and used for cultivating crops or raising livestock.
  • Geographic Coordinates:  43.91588617.679076.
  • Capital: The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina is  Sarajevo
  • Major Cities:
    • Sarajevo: 275,524
    • Banja Luka: 150,997
    • Tuzla: 110,979
    • Mostar: 113,169
    • Bijeljina: 114,663
  • Population: 3,301,000
  • Area(Km2): 51197
  • Population Density( P/Km²):64. This is the number of people living per square kilometer of land area in a given region or country.
  • Calling Code:387
  • Official Language(s):Bosnia and Herzegovina is Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Croatian (official) 30.8%, Serbian (official) 14.6%, other 1.7%
  • Currency: BAM

Main Economic Indicators

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transition economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture, as well as remittances and foreign aid. Key economic challenges include high unemployment, a complex legal and regulatory framework, corruption, and a sizable informal sector. Notable economic policies aim to achieve prosperity through economic integration with the EU.

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Inflation rate for 2022: 14.6% (Source: Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Inflation rate for 2021: 2.0% (Source: Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Credit Ratings

Fitch: B+ (Stable Outlook, updated April 2022)
Moody’s: B3 (Stable Outlook, updated April 2022)
Standard & Poor’s: B (Stable Outlook, updated November 2022)

GDP – Composition by Sector of Origin

Agriculture: 6.5%
Industry: 25.6%
Services: 68% (2022 estimates)

Key Agricultural and Industrial Products

Agricultural Products: Wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables, livestock
Industrial Products: Steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, furniture, domestic appliances, oil refining

Labor Force

Total Labor Force: 1.447 million (2022 estimate)
Comparative Ranking: 128th in the world

Current Account Balance

Current Account Balance for 2022: -$1.44 billion (estimate)
Current Account Balance for 2021: -$0.76 billion
Comparative Ranking: 159th in the world (2022 estimate)

Exports and Imports

Exports: $7.88 billion (2022 estimate)
Key Export Partners: Germany, Croatia, Italy, Slovenia, Austria
Main Exports: Metals, clothing, wood products
Imports: $13.92 billion (2022 estimate)
Key Import Partners: Croatia, Germany, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia
Main Imports: Machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Foreign Exchange Reserves: $8.34 billion (as of December 2022)
Gold Reserves: 2.04 tonnes (as of December 2022)

  • GDP (Current US$):$20,047,848,435. It represents a country’s gross domestic product measured in current US dollars. Higher values indicate a larger economy and economic output.
  • Tax Revenue (% of GDP): 20.40%. It refers to the amount of tax revenue collected by the government, expressed as a percentage of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Higher values indicate a higher tax burden relative to the size of the economy.
  • Total Tax Rate (% of commercial profits): 23.70%. This is the sum of all taxes payable by businesses, expressed as a percentage of their commercial profits. Higher values indicate a higher tax burden on businesses.
  • Gasoline Price. $1.05. It refers to the cost of one liter or gallon of gasoline/petrol. Higher values indicate more expensive gasoline prices for consumers and businesses.
  • Minimum wage. $1.04. It refers to the lowest legally mandated hourly wage that employers must pay their workers. Higher values indicate a higher minimum level of pay for low-wage workers.
  • Unemployment Rate (%): 18.42%. It represents the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate more joblessness in the economy.

Social Indicators

1. National Identity

Nationality (noun): Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Nationality (adjective): Bosnian, Herzegovinian

2. Ethnic Groups

Bosniaks (50.1%)

Serbs (30.8%)

Croats (15.4%)

Others (3.7%)

3. Religions

Islam (50.7%)

Orthodox Christianity (30.7%)

Roman Catholicism (15.2%)

Others (3.4%)

4. Age Structure

0-14 years: 13.83%

15-64 years: 68.97%

65 years and over: 17.2%

5. Dependency Ratios

Total Dependency Ratio: 45.4%

Youth Dependency Ratio: 20.1%

Elderly Dependency Ratio: 25.3%

6. Median Age

Total Median Age: 42.7 years

Male Median Age: 41.3 years

Female Median Age: 44.1 years

7. Lifestyle Indicators

Obesity Rate: 17.9%

Alcohol Consumption: 6.7 liters of pure alcohol per capita per year

Tobacco Use: 37.1% of adults smoke tobacco

  • Life Expectancy at Birth: 77.3. Life Expectancy at Birth refers to the estimated average number of years a newborn is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Higher values indicate better health outcomes and living conditions in a country or region.
  • Literacy Rate (% of adults): 98.3%. It refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who can read and write with understanding of a short simple statement about their everyday life. Higher literacy rates indicate better educational attainment within a population.
  • Birth Rate:8.11. Birth Rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher birth rates indicate a larger share of the population being born each year.
  • Death Rate:16. Death Rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. Higher death rates indicate more people dying annually within a population.
  • Fertility Rate: 1.27. Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive years based on current birth rates. Higher fertility rates indicate larger family sizes and population growth.
  • Internet Users (% of population): 70.9%. Internet Users (% of population) refers to the percentage of the total population in a country or region that has access to and uses the internet. Higher values indicate greater internet penetration and connectivity among the population.
  • Urban Population: 1,605,144. Urban Population refers to the percentage or number of people living in urban areas or cities within a country or region. Higher urban population values indicate greater urbanization and concentration of people in cities compared to rural areas.
  • Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure):28.60%. Out of Pocket Health Expenditure (% of total health expenditure) represents the portion of total health care costs that individuals pay directly out of their own pockets, rather than being covered by insurance or government programs. Higher values indicate greater personal financial burden for health care expenses.

Infrastructure and Services

Military and Security Forces

The Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina consist of the Joint Staff and three main branches:

  • Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Air Force of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Air Defense Brigade of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The national police force, known as Policija, maintains internal security alongside various cantonal police agencies.

Military Expenditures

Military spending as a percentage of GDP for the last five years:

  • 2017: 0.97%
  • 2018: 0.91%
  • 2019: 0.92%
  • 2020: 1.09%
  • 2021: 1.16%

Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks 97th globally in military spending.

Personnel Strengths

The total active-duty military personnel stands at around 10,500, with the following breakdown:

  • Army: 9,000
  • Air Force: 1,000
  • Air Defense: 500

Military Equipment Inventories and Acquisitions

The Bosnian military primarily relies on domestically produced and imported equipment from various sources, including:

  • Armored vehicles: Numerous types of tanks, APCs, and IFVs
  • Artillery: Self-propelled and towed howitzers, rocket launchers
  • Aircraft: Fighter jets, transport aircraft, helicopters

Ongoing and future acquisitions focus on modernizing aging equipment and improving interoperability with NATO forces.

Military Service Age and Obligation

Military service is voluntary in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a minimum age of 18 for enlistment. The length of service varies based on the role and branch.

Military Deployments

Bosnia and Herzegovina currently has limited military deployments overseas, primarily contributing peacekeeping troops to UN missions, such as:

  • UNDOF (Golan Heights): 6 personnel
  • UNMIL (Liberia): 6 personnel

Strategic Military Notes

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s defense strategy emphasizes territorial defense, regional security, and cooperation with NATO. The country is an active participant in the Partnership for Peace program and aims to eventually join NATO.

The military plays a crucial role in supporting international peacekeeping efforts and enhancing regional stability through partnerships and joint exercises with allied nations.

  • Armed Forces Size: 11000. Armed Forces Size refers to the total number of active personnel serving in a country’s military forces, including the army, navy, air force, and other branches. Higher values indicate a larger military presence and personnel.
  • Physicians per Thousand: Number of doctors per 1,000 people is 2.16
  • Population: Labor Force Participation (%): 46.40%. This is the percentage of the total population aged 15 and older that is economically active, meaning they are either employed or actively seeking employment. Higher values indicate a greater proportion of the working-age population engaged in the labor force.

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